{"id":375,"date":"2013-12-03T20:43:04","date_gmt":"2013-12-03T20:43:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ancient-world-project.nes.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/?page_id=375"},"modified":"2024-05-28T17:18:48","modified_gmt":"2024-05-28T17:18:48","slug":"65-69","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/readings\/65-69\/","title":{"rendered":"#65-69"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"alignfull has-text-align-center has-white-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-heading\" style=\"background-color:#41652c\"><span class=\"lecture\">Session 17<\/span> | Turning West &#8211; The Hellenistic Period<br>   #65-69<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#65. Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">The recognition of Christianity by the Roman Empire under Constantine and its transformation into the authorized religion of the kingdom had profound effects upon Palestine. These consequences will be examined in lecture and in the readings below. The Roman Empire at this time (4th-7th centuries CE) is referred to as the Byzantine Empire because it was to the city of Byzantium (<a href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/uwch\/silkroad\/exhibit\/byzantium\/images\/map.jpg\">Map<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/halsall\/byzantium\/\">More Info<\/a>.), modern-day Istanbul, that <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/resources\/glossary\/#Constantine\">Constantine the Great<\/a> moved the capital of his kingdom from Rome in 330 CE. Byzantium was then renamed Constantinople after this ruler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#66. Byzantine Law<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">One of the results of the legitimization of Christianity was that imperial legislation was then issued in support of the Christian faith. Such favoritism inevitably led to the discrimination of those outside of the <em>status quo<\/em>; such was the case for Jews and Samaritans. The excerpts provided below are taken from Byzantine imperial legislation. One portion is derived from the <em>Theodosian Code<\/em>, a collection of laws that were decreed in the 4th and 5th centuries (see attached bibliography). Take notice of the relationship between Christians and non-Christians as portrayed through law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/066.-Marcus-4.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 066. Marcus, 4..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption> J.R. Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book: 315-1791, revised edition by M. Saperstein, Cincinnati 1999, pp. 4.<\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-036abf46-33c2-4f70-a668-e4f54148004c\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/066.-Marcus-4.pdf\">066. Marcus, 4<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/066.-Marcus-4.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-036abf46-33c2-4f70-a668-e4f54148004c\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/066.-M.Mass-193-194.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 066. M.Mass, 193-194..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>M. Maas, Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook, London and New York 2000, pp. 193-194. <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-0f11a032-03b0-4acd-b26b-152652b9d941\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/066.-M.Mass-193-194.pdf\">066. M.Mass, 193-194<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/066.-M.Mass-193-194.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-0f11a032-03b0-4acd-b26b-152652b9d941\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n\n<p class=\"question-p\">Question<\/p>\n\n<p>The Byzantine rulers, now Christians, found themselves in a complex situation. On the one hand, they needed to protect the populous under their authority, while on the other hand, they were obligated to support their religion. Locate the phrases in the above laws that reflect this ambivalence.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#67. Pope Gregory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">The letter by Pope Gregory included here provides an excellent opportunity for one to obtain a glimpse at the application of imperial law. Based upon a reading of the above texts, one would expect the Jews to have almost no rights at all. Observe how this letter suggests the contrary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/067.-Marcus-125-126.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 067. Marcus, 125-126..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>J.R. Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book: 315-1791, revised edition by M. Saperstein, Cincinnati 1999, pp. 125-126.<\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-f6ee9714-0a81-4aba-8c83-747cc8e7973e\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/067.-Marcus-125-126.pdf\">067. Marcus, 125-126<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/067.-Marcus-125-126.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-f6ee9714-0a81-4aba-8c83-747cc8e7973e\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#68a. Madaba Map<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/resources\/glossary\/#Madaba-Map\">Madaba Map<\/a> is one of the oldest extant maps of Palestine. It was constructed in the 6th century as a mosaic floor in Madaba, Jordan. More specifically, it served as the floor of a Byzantine church. Many cities were listed on the map, but Jerusalem was provided the greatest amount of space, making the \u201cHoly City of Jerusalem\u201d (as the Greek inscription next to the city states) the centerpiece of the work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">Madaba Map Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.henry-davis.com\/MAPS\/AncientWebPages\/121.html\">www.henry-davis.com\/MAPS\/AncientWebPages\/121.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068.jpg?resize=760%2C515&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"760\" height=\"515\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-tw-short\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">Replica of Madaba Mosaic of Jerusalem. Picture courtesy of J. Tatlock<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068a.jpg?resize=760%2C469&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"760\" height=\"469\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-tw-short\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">Early 20th Century Map of Jerusalem by Baedeker K. Baedeker, Palestine and Syria. Handbook for Travellers, 5th Edition (c) 1912 Accessed at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.utexas.edu\/maps\/historical\/ancient_jerusalem.jpg\">https:\/\/www.lib.utexas.edu\/maps\/historical\/ancient_jerusalem.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"787\" height=\"1200\" data-attachment-id=\"569\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/readings\/65-69\/068aa\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068aa.jpg?fit=787%2C1200&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"787,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"068aa\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068aa.jpg?fit=672%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"569\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068aa.jpg?resize=787%2C1200&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-569\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068aa.jpg?w=787&amp;ssl=1 787w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068aa.jpg?resize=197%2C300&amp;ssl=1 197w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068aa.jpg?resize=672%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 672w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068aa.jpg?resize=768%2C1171&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 787px) 100vw, 787px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n\n<p class=\"question-p\">Question<\/p>\n\n<p>By comparing the Madaba Map\u2019s representation of Jerusalem to the map of Jerusalem created by Baedeker, what main area of ancient Jerusalem is not on the Madaba Map? What is the most prominent feature of Byzantine Jerusalem illustrated on the Madaba Map? To help you answer these questions, consult one the following websites:<br><br><a href=\"http:\/\/198.62.75.1\/www1\/ofm\/mad\/legends\/legends056.html\">(1) http:\/\/198.62.75.1\/www1\/ofm\/mad\/legends\/legends056.html<\/a><br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.netours.com\/content\/view\/263\/30\/1\/1\/\">(2) http:\/\/www.netours.com\/content\/view\/263\/30\/1\/1\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#68b. Egeria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">Jerusalem long served as a place of pilgrimage in Judaism; it did so as well in the Byzantine era (cf. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/08254a.htm\">Christian Pilgrimage<\/a>). One such pilgrim was <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/resources\/glossary\/#Egeria\">Egeria<\/a>, a woman who traveled to Palestine in the 4th century and left us a detailed account of her journey. By reading the excerpt given below, you will have the opportunity to experience Jerusalem through her eyes. Pay special attention to her comments about Constantine and his building projects in Jerusalem, such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, particularly in her section on festivals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068b.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 068b..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption><a href=\"http:\/\/users.ox.ac.uk\/~mikef\/durham\/egetra.html\">http:\/\/users.ox.ac.uk\/~mikef\/durham\/egetra.html<\/a> <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-80245daa-05a7-496a-b297-6148ed32d9f4\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068b.pdf\">068b<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/068b.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-80245daa-05a7-496a-b297-6148ed32d9f4\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n\n<p class=\"question-p\">Question<\/p>\n\n<p>If Jerusalem was the spiritual center of the Byzantine Empire, what was the center of Jerusalem? Why? Hint: it is one of the most prominent features depicted on the Madaba map above.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#69. Robert L. Wilken<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">Robert Wilken is a professor of Christian history at the University of Virginia. The following piece is but one chapter of his larger work on the historical Christian perspective on Israel\/Palestine. It focuses upon the transformation of Jerusalem in the early Byzantine period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/069.-Wilken-289-296.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 069.-Wilken-289-296..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>R.L. Wilken, The Land Called Holy, New Haven and London 1992, pp. 82-100; 289-96. <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-48505eb2-11b6-48ff-86aa-f95c53a881e4\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/069.-Wilken-289-296.pdf\">069.-Wilken-289-296<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/069.-Wilken-289-296.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-48505eb2-11b6-48ff-86aa-f95c53a881e4\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n\n<p class=\"question-p\">Question<\/p>\n\n<p>In a short paragraph, describe the primary factors that lead to Jerusalem\u2019s change from an insignificant Roman city to the sacred center of the Byzantine Empire. What role did sacred literature play in this process? Cite specific examples.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Session 17 | Turning West &#8211; The Hellenistic Period #65-69 #65. Introduction The recognition of Christianity by the Roman Empire under Constantine and its transformation into the authorized religion of the kingdom had profound effects upon Palestine. These consequences will be examined in lecture and in the readings below. The Roman Empire at this time&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/readings\/65-69\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">#65-69<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3892,"featured_media":0,"parent":468,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"tw-no-title.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-375","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/375","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3892"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=375"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/375\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2493,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/375\/revisions\/2493"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/468"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=375"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}