{"id":377,"date":"2013-12-03T20:43:04","date_gmt":"2013-12-03T20:43:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ancient-world-project.nes.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/?page_id=377"},"modified":"2024-05-28T17:18:48","modified_gmt":"2024-05-28T17:18:48","slug":"70-75","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/readings\/70-75\/","title":{"rendered":"#70-75"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"alignfull has-text-align-center has-white-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-heading\" style=\"background-color:#41652c\"><span class=\"lecture\">Session 18<\/span> | Turning West &#8211; The Hellenistic Period<br>   #70-75<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#70. Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">Within the first decade following the death of the founder of Islam (<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/resources\/glossary\/#Muhammad\">Muhammad<\/a>) in 632 CE, the Arabs were able to establish a powerful empire throughout the Near East under the leadership of the first <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/resources\/glossary\/#Caliph\">caliphs<\/a>. In Palestine, this meant a change from Christian dominance to Muslim control. This transition in government will be the focus of this lecture with special emphasis upon the Arab conquest of Jerusalem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#71. Omar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Pact of Omar<\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/resources\/glossary\/#Omar\">Omar<\/a> (alternately spelled \u2018Umar) was the leader under whom the Islamic empire expanded from the Arabian peninsula into Palestine and beyond. He conquered Jerusalem in 638 CE. Provided below are two texts that outline the conditions of peace given by Omar to the people whom he defeated. The first is a general document referring to the status of Syrian Christians whereas the second outlines the terms that Omar gave to the people dwelling in Jerusalem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/071.-M.Mass-345-346.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 071. M.Mass, 345-346..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>M. Maas, Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook, London and New York 2000, pp.345-346. <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-ab2c5c1a-3d09-4207-b6ce-fbade78802b5\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/071.-M.Mass-345-346.pdf\">071. M.Mass, 345-346<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/071.-M.Mass-345-346.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-ab2c5c1a-3d09-4207-b6ce-fbade78802b5\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Al Tabari<\/strong><br>The author of the second piece is an Arabic historian named Al-Tabari who lived in the 10th century CE and \u201cwas a Muslim scholar of the religious sciences, a collector of <em>hadiths<\/em>, words and acts of the Prophet Muhammad, and a commentator on the Qur\u2019an, the revelation Muhammad was given\u201d (J.A. Williams, Al-Tabari, Vol. 1, Cambridge 1988, p. xv). Compare the content of the two documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/071.-Hadi-11.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 071. Hadi, 11..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>M. F.A. Hadi (ed), Palestine: Documents, vol 1, Jerusalem 1997, p. 11. <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-540d272d-c437-4691-962b-4500574a8c20\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/071.-Hadi-11.pdf\">071. Hadi, 11<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/071.-Hadi-11.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-540d272d-c437-4691-962b-4500574a8c20\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n\n<p class=\"question-p\">Question<\/p>\n\n<p>(A) How are none-Muslim people treated in these two documents \u2013 elaborate and provide examples from the text (but think \u2013 is it a one sided treatment or a more complex situation?)? (B) Think like a conqueror (put yourself in Omar\u2019s shoes) \u2013 what may be the reasons behind this treatment?<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#72. Syrian Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">As with the defeat of Jerusalem, a treaty also served as the means by which a peaceful surrender was gained by the Muslim forces from the Byzantine inhabitants of Damascus. Another Arab historian, this one by the name of Al-Baladhuri, wrote the following text. The Encyclopedia of Islam has this to say about him:<br><br>Extract from the Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 1999 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, via <a href=\"http:\/\/proxy.lib.umich.edu:2055\/citrix\/eislam.html\">http:\/\/proxy.lib.umich.edu:2055\/citrix\/eislam.html<\/a><br><br>&#8220;one of the greatest Arabic historians of the 3rd\/9th century. Little is known of his life. Neither the year of his birth nor that of his death is directly attested. From the dates of his teachers, it is evident that he cannot have been born later than the beginning of the second decade of the 9th century A.D.; for the date of his death, Muslim authors suggest, as the latest and most likely date, ca. 892 A.D\u2026 He probably was born, and certainly spent most of his life, in Baghdad and its environs. His studies led him to Damascus, Emesa, and Antioch \u2026 The two great historical works that have survived have won general acclaim for al-Baladhuri\u2019s reliability and critical spirit.&#8221;<br><br><strong>Treaty<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/072.-M.Mass-347.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 072. M.Mass, 347..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>M. Maas, Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook, London and New York 2000, pp. 347. <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-71e9b7ba-7f4c-4202-bcb7-4350cb243455\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/072.-M.Mass-347.pdf\">072. M.Mass, 347<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/072.-M.Mass-347.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-71e9b7ba-7f4c-4202-bcb7-4350cb243455\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n\n<p class=\"question-p\">Question<\/p>\n\n<p>What was the primary term of peace imposed upon those living in Damascus? (This also served as the foundation of Jerusalem\u2019s treaty with Omar).<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#73. Hebron Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike the preceding treaty, the subsequent one was not made with the Christian leader of the besieged city but with a less authoritative group. Observe the manner in which this group takes advantage of the situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/073.-M.Mass-349.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 073. M.Mass, 349..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>M. Maas, Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook, London and New York 2000, pp. 349. <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-c97a86ec-446c-4ecd-8c61-3f8bbc6d85e9\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/073.-M.Mass-349.pdf\">073. M.Mass, 349<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/073.-M.Mass-349.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-c97a86ec-446c-4ecd-8c61-3f8bbc6d85e9\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n\n<p class=\"question-p\">Question<\/p>\n\n<p>What may be concluded from this text about the nature of Jewish-Byzantine relations prior to the conquest of Islam?<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#74. Muslim-Christian Relations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">Pervasive in the dealings between Muslims and their Jewish and Christian neighbors was the fact that Islam respected, though not endorsed, Judaism and Christianity since Islam saw itself as the continuation of these two former faiths. The following story illustrates the respect given to Christianity. Note the phrases corresponding to this issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/074.-Newman-29-31.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 074. Newman, 29-31..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>N.A. Newman (ed), The Early Christian-Muslim Dialogue, Hatfield, PA 1993, pp. 29-31. <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-33996d4a-521e-450c-893a-fccc839df264\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/074.-Newman-29-31.pdf\">074. Newman, 29-31<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/074.-Newman-29-31.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-33996d4a-521e-450c-893a-fccc839df264\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#75. Amikam Elad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-yellow-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">With the continuity existent between Islam and Judaism and Christianity, it is only natural that Jerusalem became a holy city in the Islamic tradition as well. In the subsequent treatment, Elad provides a discussion of the politics behind the elevation of Jerusalem as a religious center during the Umayyad period. Pay special attention to the manner in which politics and religion coincided in this time period\u2014when was this issue seen previously in this course? (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.al-islam.org\/ziyarat\/jeruslem.htm\">More on Muslim Pilgrimage Sites in Jerusalem<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/075.-Elad-300-314.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Embed of 075. Elad, 300-314..\"><\/object>\n<br><figcaption>Elad, Pilgrims and Pilgrimage to Jerusalem during the Early Muslim Period, pp. 300-314, in Jerusalem, ed. by L.I. Levine, New York 1999. <\/figcaption>\n<a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b7929eb2-1d69-4ac2-a90c-964329c94ca1\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/075.-Elad-300-314.pdf\">075. Elad, 300-314<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2013\/12\/075.-Elad-300-314.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-b7929eb2-1d69-4ac2-a90c-964329c94ca1\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n\n<p class=\"question-p\">Question<\/p>\n\n<p>In your opinion, what three things made Jerusalem an important center of Islamic pilgrimage? Explain the reasons behind your choices.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Session 18 | Turning West &#8211; The Hellenistic Period #70-75 #70. Introduction Within the first decade following the death of the founder of Islam (Muhammad) in 632 CE, the Arabs were able to establish a powerful empire throughout the Near East under the leadership of the first caliphs. In Palestine, this meant a change from&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/readings\/70-75\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">#70-75<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3892,"featured_media":0,"parent":468,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"tw-no-title.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-377","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/377","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3892"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=377"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/377\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2542,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/377\/revisions\/2542"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/468"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/israel-palestine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=377"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}