{"id":2560,"date":"2016-06-15T14:04:09","date_gmt":"2016-06-15T14:04:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuroepic.mcdb.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/?page_id=628"},"modified":"2023-04-07T17:47:12","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T17:47:12","slug":"25-micromanaging-the-mind-micrornas-and-fragile-x-syndrome-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/25-micromanaging-the-mind-micrornas-and-fragile-x-syndrome-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Micromanaging the Mind: microRNAs and Fragile X Syndrome"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">Deeparsi Prasad &#8217;19 and Sivapriya Bhupalam<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: 25. Micromanaging the Mind: microRNAs and Fragile X Syndrome\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/3yglq74eFCFjIxoaDnFMIA?si=NVe5vooPRbWYYRK4GdKkUw&#038;utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cognition is, according to the Oxford dictionary, the \u201cmental action or process of acqui<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.\u201d In simpler terms, cognition is basically how we think<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But what determines how we think? There has to be some influence from the environment. After all, the experiences we have can shape what we remember, and basically how we perceive the world. That can\u2019t be the only thing though, because cognition comes from the brain, and our brains are made with the genetic information we get from our parents. How in the world can we even start to look at this question? Cognition is a very complicated process. There are many specific mechanisms involved, and multiple levels where things can go wrong. To learn about normal cognition, scientists will often look at cognitive disorders. By understanding more about where things go wrong, they can use that information to gain insight into cognition in general, and even try to develop treatments. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are many different cognitive disorders, but we\u2019ll focus on the genetic origins of Fragile X Syndrome, or FXS for short. This life long syndrome is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation and autism. It impairs the ability to think and learn, and causes behavioral, social, and emotional challenges. Some people with FXS also experience delayed speech, anxiety, hyperactive behavior, attention deficits, and even seizures<sup>1<\/sup>. So how exactly does FXS come about? Well, a process called RNA interference, or RNAi, plays a role. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First, let\u2019s imagine that everyone is born with their own unique movie script. Like all movie scripts, there are dialogue lines that the actors will actually say and stage directions, which are instructions on how the cameras should be positioned, how the lines should be said, the lighting of the shot, etc. The stage directions are not said out loud, but are a part of the script and give directions on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">how <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to say the lines. Without them, we wouldn\u2019t be able to make the right movie. For example, if a movie script has the lines:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Hagrid: (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">intensely)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Yer a wizard, Harry.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Harry: (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">confused)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I\u2019m a what?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The instructions in italics about emotion and who says which line, are all part of the stage directions. The actors are also being recorded, so the movie can be played on TV, and this broadcast is the final product. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of course, people aren\u2019t literally born with movie scripts that direct their lives, but every person is born with a unique DNA sequence that acts like a movie script. DNA contains both \u201cdialogue lines\u201d and \u201cstage directions\u201d. The dialogue lines in DNA are called genes and they are made into something called mRNA. Just as what the actors say come from the script, this mRNA comes from DNA. The mRNA is <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">how <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the dialogues are delivered by the actors, after taking stage directions into account. The mRNA is made into protein, which is the final product, like the broadcast of the film is the final product of the actors\u2019 performances. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u201cstage directions\u201d in DNA are called non-coding RNAs. They\u2019re instructions affecting how the proteins are made, without actually changing the DNA sequence or becoming proteins themselves, just like the stage directions in the script don\u2019t make the final cut of the movie. Without instructions on how to say these lines, or how to express the genes, the final result of the body would be different, much like the final broadcast of the movie would be different. Since non-coding RNAs affect how the gene is made into protein without actually changing the DNA sequence, they are called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">epigenetic regulators<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, instead of genetic regulators (which actually do change the DNA sequence).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-654\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"120\" src=\"https:\/\/neuroepic.mcdb.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Untitled-presentation-300x120.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-654\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2018\/04\/Untitled-presentation-300x120.jpg 300w, https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2018\/04\/Untitled-presentation-768x307.jpg 768w, https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2018\/04\/Untitled-presentation-1024x410.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2018\/04\/Untitled-presentation-604x242.jpg 604w, https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2018\/04\/Untitled-presentation.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The process of making a movie, which starts with a movie script, is surprisingly similar to the process of making proteins, which starts with the DNA sequence.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are different forms of non-coding RNAs, just like there are different types of stage directions. MicroRNAs, or miRNAs, are one kind of noncoding RNA. They work like the line in italics below: <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Ignore Harry\u2019s line<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Hermione: I know who you are&#8230;you\u2019re Harry Potter!<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Harry: Well, I don\u2019t know who you are.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hermione\u2019s dialogue will be said out loud, but Harry\u2019s dialogue won\u2019t, because of the instructions telling him to ignore it, even though the dialogue itself isn\u2019t crossed out in the script. Like the stage direction targeted a specific line to be ignored, each miRNA targets a precise mRNA, preventing it from getting made into protein, without actually changing the DNA sequence. This epigenetic process is called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">RNA interference<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, or RNAi. Studies show that this function of miRNAs could be involved in many neurological disorders<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that we\u2019ve explained RNAi, let\u2019s talk about how FXS comes about. DNA, like a movie script, can have typos, or misprints, called mutations. There are many different kinds of mutations, just like there are many different kinds of typos, such as misspelling, deleting, or adding extra words in. One kind of mutation is when part of a DNA sequence is over-repeated. Imagine that the word <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">read<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is supposed to appear in the stage direction lines. Instead of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">read <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">appearing only a couple of times in the stage directions, there\u2019s an entire page filled with the word, as if the writer wasn\u2019t paying attention while typing the script and copied it over 200 times. When the actor reads the script, they\u2019ll assume it\u2019s a typo, white-out the page, and ignore it. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-655\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/neuroepic.mcdb.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/unnamed-300x278.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-655\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2018\/04\/unnamed-300x278.png 300w, https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2018\/04\/unnamed-292x270.png 292w, https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2018\/04\/unnamed.png 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This is what Fragile X Syndrome actually looks like in the cell. In FXS, the organization of the DNA has a different appearance than normal, because of the mutation. So, the structure is more fragile, which is why it\u2019s called \u201cFragile\u201d X Syndrome<sup>7<\/sup>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But sometimes there are dialogue lines that are in the middle or at the end of these repeats that are supposed to be said out loud. Since the actor whited-out the pages filled with the repeated word, they also ignore the dialogues at the end of the repetition. It won\u2019t be a big deal to the movie if the lines aren\u2019t important, but what if they are? It\u2019ll affect the entire story, even if the rest of the script doesn\u2019t have any typos. This is the kind of mutation that causes FXS. People with FXS are born with a certain non-coding sequence that is repeated over 200 times. Like the page filled with repeats in the movie script, this part of the DNA is \u201cwhited-out\u201d through a process called DNA methylation, which causes the cell to also ignore a very important gene at the end of this repeat. This gene is called the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">fragile X mental retardation 1 <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">gene or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">FMR1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which makes a protein called FMRP. FMRP plays an important role in brain development and learning<sup>3<\/sup>. Since the gene is \u201cwhited-out\u201d in people with FXS, there is a lot less FRMP being made. This would be like the final cut of the movie not being broadcasted. The lack of FMRP is the main cause of FXS symptoms. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As recent studies have shown, another cause of symptoms could be the interaction between miRNA and FMRP, because it regulates many processes. The relationship between miRNA and FMRP could explain symptoms such as impairments in learning and memory. Let\u2019s look at how miRNA interacts with FMRP and what this means for FXS. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A 2006 study found that specific miRNAs play an important role in determining when FMRP is made during development. Researchers found that many miRNAs come from the mutated repeat of FXS<sup>3<\/sup>. In the early stage of human development, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">FMR1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> gene and its surrounding repeated area are made into mRNA, which is made into FMRP. The miRNAs from the repeated section are also being made. This is what causes problems in those with FXS. Normally, the amount of miRNAs made from this section doesn\u2019t affect how much FMRP gets made<sup>3<\/sup>, but in FXS, the over-repeated sequence makes many more miRNAs than normal. Like the over-repeated stage directions, the over-repeated miRNAs cause the cell to basically ignore the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">FMR1 <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">mRNA. Because of this, there\u2019s a major decrease in the amount of FMRP that is made. This would be like a lot of stage directions (that aren\u2019t supposed to be there) telling the actor to ignore an important dialogue line, which would prevent the dialogue from showing up in the final movie cut.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This makes a huge difference because FMRP is responsible for managing other processes, so a lack of it can have a range of effects. For example, FMRP regulates brain development and neural connections<sup>3<\/sup>. If FMRP cannot regulate these processes, this can lead to the behavioral and cognitive deficits seen in FXS individuals. For example, an interaction between the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">FMR1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> gene and miRNAs causes premature brain cell development. This affects learning and memory by affecting the size and strength of the connections between brain cells<sup>4<\/sup>, since the larger and stronger the connection, the stronger the memory. This is a potential reason why we see learning impairments in FXS individuals. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Not only does FMRP\u2019s interaction with miRNA affect neuronal connections but it also controls how many miRNAs are made from the DNA<sup>5<\/sup>. miRNAs are created by using specific \u201cmachinery\u201d proteins. Normally, FMRP increases the amount of machinery proteins, which in turn increases the amount of miRNA being made. But in FXS, this important interaction doesn\u2019t happen because there isn\u2019t much FMRP. The machinery protein levels decrease, and less miRNA is made. Since miRNAs have an important role in everything from brain cell development to immune responses, this could be a reason why there\u2019s a variety of FSX symptoms. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right now, there isn\u2019t a concrete cure for FXS, but new research has developed a tool called DNA methylation editing that seems promising<sup>6<\/sup>. This tool has the potential to remove the methylation or \u201cwhite-out\u201d on the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">FMR1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> gene in FXS. When scientists used this tool on cells from FXS patients, they were able to increase <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">FMR1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> mRNA and FMRP levels to almost the levels seen in normal, non-FXS cells. A benefit of this method is accuracy &#8211; it affects only the desired genes, without many side-effects on other genes. Also, when these cells were implanted into newborn mice, the mice could still express <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">FMR1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> mRNA and FMRP, meaning this method works in a living animal, and not just in individual cells. But, the treatment is most effective when done on cells before they fully become neurons. If done directly on neurons, the methylation, or the \u201cwhite-out,\u201d only slightly decreases<sup>6<\/sup>. Even with this drawback, DNA methylation editing can be used to study and potentially treat FXS. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fragile X syndrome, like other cognitive disorders, involves complex mechanisms that are only recently being understood. There are so many processes that are occurring, so we don\u2019t have a complete grasp on all of the specific mechanisms yet. Scientists are still learning how these processes affect learning and behavior in people, and even though a lot of progress is being made, there isn\u2019t a cure yet. We do know that there is a genetic basis for these disorders and that environment, genetics, and epigenetics (amongst many other factors) all contribute to a person\u2019s cognitive, physical, and physiological being. We might not fully understand what goes on behind the scenes to shape our thoughts and cognition yet, but the final result of this complicated movie script is something worth watching and learning about. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><b>References<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fragile X syndrome<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. (2018). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetics Home Reference<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https:\/\/ghr.nlm.nih.gov\/condition\/fragile-x-syndrome<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sweatt, D.J., Meaney, M.J., Nestler, E.J., Akbarian, S. (2013). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Epigenetic Regulation in the Nervous System: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Impact.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Academic Press. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Santulli. (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=TaYvCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA106&amp;lpg=PA106&amp;dq=Chapter+7+microRNAs+and+Fragile+X+Syndrome+Shi-Lung+Lin&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=rEYgXT4UJ2&amp;sig=xmfUS-euFaHJk_6emDyJM4Y2dnk&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjjy57CpPzZAhWsrVkKHTIVB_EQ6AEILDAB\"><em>microRNA: Medical Evidence: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. <\/em>Lin, Shi-Lung. Chapter 7: <\/a>microRNAs and Fragile X Syndrome. Springer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Edbauer, D., Neilson, J.R., Foster, K.A., Wang, C., Seeburg, D.P., Batterton, M.N., Tada, T,. Dolan, B.M., Sharp, P.A., Sheng, M. (2010). Regulation of synaptic structure and function by FMRP-associated microRNAs miR-125b and miR-132. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Neuron<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 65(3): 373-384.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wan, R., Zhou, L., Yang, H., Zhou, Y., Ye, S., &amp; Zhao, Q. et al. (2016). Involvement of FMRP in Primary MicroRNA Processing via Enhancing Drosha Translation. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Molecular Neurobiology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">54<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(4): 2585-2594. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-016-9855-9\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-016-9855-9<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Liu, X., Wu, H., Krzisch, M., Wu, X., Graef, J., &amp; Muffat, J. et al. (2018). Rescue of Fragile X Syndrome Neurons by DNA Methylation Editing of the FMR1 Gene. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">172<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(5): 979-992.e6. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.012\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.012<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Luo, L. (2016). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Principles of neurobiology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (p. 504). New York: Garland Science.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Featured Image Source<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\/lib\/umichigan\/detail.action?docID=5992797\" target=\"_blank\">Luo, Liqun. Principles of Neurobiology, CRC Press LLC, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\/lib\/umichigan\/detail.action?docID=5992797<\/a>. Created from umichigan on 2022-07-10 22:51:41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f36ac205 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deeparsi Prasad &#8217;19 and Sivapriya Bhupalam Cognition is, according to the Oxford dictionary, the \u201cmental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.\u201d In simpler terms, cognition is basically how we think. But what determines how we think? There has to be some influence from the environment. After all,&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/25-micromanaging-the-mind-micrornas-and-fragile-x-syndrome-2\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Micromanaging the Mind: microRNAs and Fragile X Syndrome<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":1599,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2560","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2560","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2560"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2560\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2738,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2560\/revisions\/2738"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lsa.umich.edu\/neuroepic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2560"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}